Analysis of differential metabolites of sunflower induced by virulent <i>Verticillium dahlia</i> V33 and hypovirulent <i>Gibellulopsis nigrescens</i> Vn‐1

Verticillium wilt is a widespread soil-borne vascular disease of crops. Hypovirulent strains pathogens show potential in providing cross-protection against wilt. To identify metabolites associated with the induction resistance, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry-based metabolomic technology was used to screen for differential induced by virulent (Verticillium dahlia V33) and hypovirulent (Gibellulopsis nigrescens Vn-1) pathogen sunflower (Helianthus annuus) roots. Forty-eight were detected comparison between Vn-1 V33 inoculation treatments. Among these metabolites, accumulation 17 secondary significantly higher response compared that after inoculation. We selected nine further analyses. Pyruvate, phenethylamine 2-phenylbutyric acid inhibited infection Nicotiana benthamiana leaves Botrytis cinerea Phythophthora infestans. H2O2 burst at 24 hours post-spray (hps) treatment N. organic acids. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed pyruvate, enhanced expression pathogenesis-related genes hps, including PR1, NPR1 PDF1.2. In addition, activities peroxidase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase superoxide dismutase increased. These results indicated many differentially involved resistance plant infection.